BBC News, 12 September 2013 The Scottish government
has said it wants the country's towns and cities to be free of emissions
from petrol and diesel vehicles by 2050. [But Norwegian research published last year suggested electric cars might actually pollute much more than petrol or diesel-powered models.] It has published a "roadmap" setting out its plans to help businesses and motorists switch to electric vehicles. The government is to spend more than £14m over the next two years replacing its fleet of petrol and diesel vehicles with electric alternatives. It will also install charging points at all of its main buildings.  The Switched On Scotland document was produced alongside experts from industry, academia and environmental bodies, and sets out the plan to drive forward the uptake of electric vehicles in Scotland. Among its commitments are that by 2050, Scottish towns, cities and communities will be free from the "damaging effects" of petrol and diesel fuelled vehicles. By 2040 almost all new vehicles sold will be near zero-emission at the tailpipe; and by 2030 half of all fossil-fuelled vehicles will be phased out of urban environments across Scotland. Grants of up to £5,000 are available towards the purchase cost of an electric car, with up to £8,000 available for the purchase of an electric van. Scottish households that buy an electric vehicle will also continue to receive a 100% grant for a home charging point. The government has pledged to provide new ways of supporting motorists to adopt electric vehicles by providing expert advice on their environmental and financial benefits. And discounted ferry fares for electric vehicles on all routes to Mull and Bute are being introduced as part of a pilot scheme. Electric vehicle owners currently pay no road tax, with the government stating that electric cars are also cheaper to run at 2p or 3p a mile compared with 16p a mile for the average fossil-fuelled family car. A third of all car journeys in Scotland are less than two miles long, with nearly a quarter of all trips being of one mile or less. 'Health and wellbeing'In a regular car, these journeys are said to emit a disproportionate amount of carbon into the air, whereas electric vehicles provide a cleaner method of transport. But Norwegian research published last year suggested electric cars might actually pollute much more than petrol or diesel-powered models. Scottish Transport Minister Keith Brown said the plans to replace petrol and diesel vehicles by 2050 were a "bold vision" that would require a "transformation in how we think about moving people and goods around." He added: "This transformation is absolutely vital to achieve our ambitious climate change targets. "It will also help improve local air quality with a resultant improvement in public health and wellbeing and contribute toward further energising Scotland's economy through opportunities for our flourishing green technology industries and our renewable energy sector." It later emerged the roadmap was to be revised, after Transport Scotland conceded it had included mobility scooters in figures showing an increase in the number of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle registrations last year. The actual number was 235 - well below the figure of 1,000 initially claimed. And Green MSP Alison Johnstone said the Scottish government was wrong to think that electric cars were the answer to congestion and pollution problems. She added: "There are just a tiny handful of electric cars on our roads and I see no sign that uptake is going to dramatically increase. "More could be achieved right now by repairing our potholed roads, making streets safer for cyclists and pedestrians, and making public transport accessible for more people." Source: bbc.co.ukComparative environmental Life Cycle Assesment of conventional and Electrical vehicles - abstract Comparative environmental Life Cycle Assesment of conventional and Electrical vehicles - Full Article SummaryElectric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional and EVs. We develop and provide a transparent life cycle inventory of conventional and electric vehicles and apply our inventory to assess conventional and EVs over a range of impact categories. We find that EVs powered by the present European electricity mix offer a 10% to 24% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) relative to conventional diesel or gasoline vehicles assuming lifetimes of 150,000 km. However, EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain. Results are sensitive to assumptions regarding electricity source, use phase energy consumption, vehicle lifetime, and battery replacement schedules. Because production impacts are more significant for EVs than conventional vehicles, assuming a vehicle lifetime of 200,000 km exaggerates the GWP benefits of EVs to 27% to 29% relative to gasoline vehicles or 17% to 20% relative to diesel. An assumption of 100,000 km decreases the benefit of EVs to 9% to 14% with respect to gasoline vehicles and results in impacts indistinguishable from those of a diesel vehicle. Improving the environmental profile of EVs requires engagement around reducing vehicle production supply chain impacts and promoting clean electricity sources in decision making regarding electricity infrastructure. |